Presentation (2)

Presentation (1)

U12B

1.We use future continuous to say that an action will be in progress at a specific time in the future. - Ирээдүйн тодорхой нэг цагт хийгдсээр (өмнө нь эхлээд , дараа нь үргэлжлэн) байх үйлдэл

• This time on Thursday I'll be flying to Thailand. 
• Пүрэв гаригт (дараагийн) яг энэ цагт би Тайланд руу нисч байх болно.
• In two hours she'll be leaving work.
• 2 цагийн дараа тэр ажлаасаа гараад явах болно.

2. We use future continuous to predict the present. - Одоо цагийн өнцгөөс урьдчилан таамаглах

• Don't call him now, he'll be sleeping.  
•  Түүн рүү бүү утасд,  тэр унтаж байгаа байх  

3.We use future continuous to make polite enquiries about someone's plans (without wishing to influence those plans). - Хэн нэгний төлөвлөгөөний тухай эелдэгээр асуух (төлөвлөгөөнд нь ямар нэг нөлөө үзүүлэхэгүйгээр)

• Will you be watching TV this evening? (You simply want to know if the TV will be free)
• Өнөө орой та телевиз үзэж байх уу? 

*********************************************************************

http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/future_perfect_tense01.html

In December, 2015 Dave's ESL Cafe will have been online for twenty years.   (It hasn't yet been online for six years.) 
- 2015 оны 12 сар гэхэд Давидын англи хэлний кафе 20 жил онлайн ажиллачихсан байх болно.

I hope that I will have finished this hint by 9:30 PM. (It isn't finished yet).

 - Орой 9.30 гэхэд энэ зааврыг би дуусчихсан байа гэж найдаж байна.

At 2:30 tomorrow afternoon, I will have finished my third class. (My classes won't
begin until tomorrow morning and they won't finish until tomorrow at 2:30 PM.)

- Маргааш   өдрийн 2.30-д би 3дахь хичээлээ дуусчихсан байх болно.

In about five minutes, I will have thought of at least five example sentences. (I'm
thinking of example sentences now, but I still don't have five of them.)

- 5 минутын дараа би дор хаяж 5 уишээ өгүүлбэр бодчихсон  байна даа.

In June, 2015, my sister  will have been married for two years. (She got married
in June, 2013. Her two-year anniversary won't be until June, 2015.)

- 2015 оны 6 сар гэхэд миний дүү гэрлээд 2 жил болчих юм байна.

It's 8:45 PM now. By 9:30 PM, I hope that I will have sent this hint to Dave Sperling.
(I haven't sent it yet.)

- Одоо оройн 8.45 болж байна. 9.30 гэхэд энэ зааврыг би Давид Сперлинг руу илгээчихсэн байх болно.

U12A

http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/noun_verb_phrases.html
http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/noun_phrases.htm

Examples of Noun Phrases

Noun phrases are extremely common.
A noun with any sort of modifier (including just a number or an article) is a noun phrase.
Here are some examples of noun phrases:

S + V + O           
S(device) + V (is) + O / Subject complement ( mirror )

• The best car safety device is a rear-view mirror with a cop in it. (Dudley Moore, 1935-2002)
  (In this example, the first noun phrase is the subject, and the second is a subject complement.) 
  
  
  •  The best defense against the atom bomb is not to be there when it goes off. (Anon)
(In this example, there is a noun phrase within a noun phrase. The noun phrase the atom bomb is the object of the preposition against. The prepositional phrase against the atom bomb modifies defense.)

• I don't have a bank account, because I don't know my mother's maiden name. (Paula Poundstone)

(In this example, both noun phrases are direct objects.)



• Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure about the former. (Albert Einstein, 1879-1955)

U11B

Purpose (зорилго):
to + V   = -ын/-ийн тулд
in order to + V
for + N / V+ing 

Turn down air conditioning to save electricity.


Turn down air conditioning in order to save electricity.
Turn down air conditioning for saving electricity.


Contrast (эсрэг тэсрэг байдал):
in spite of  + N / V+ing = -аас болоод
despite + N / V+ing
Some people water their lawns daily in spite of drought warming.  
Some people water their lawns daily despite drought warming. 


Reason (шалтгаан): 
because of + N / V+ing = - ж байгаа шалтгаанаар
as a result of + N / V+ing
due to + N / V+ing
Climate is changing because of global warming.
Climate is changing as a result of global warming.
Climate is changing due to global warming. 

Alternative (хувилбар):
instead of + N / V+ing  = -ын/-ийн оронд
Take public transportation instead of driving you car. 

Contrast:
Although + clause (I), (II) = -гэсэн хэдий ч
Even though + clause (I), (II)
Although environmental problems are overwhelming, there is hope.


Even though environmental problems are overwhelming, there is hope.


Reason:
(II) + because + clause (I)


Purpose:
(I) + so that + clause (II)

(I) + so + clause (II)

U11A

Passive of Present Continuous
am/is/are + being + PII (Past Participle)
Internet access is being made available.
Workers are being recruited overseas.

Passive of Present Perfect
have/has + been + PII (Past participle)
The education system has been reformed.
New schools have been built.

* QA  - Answer these questions in your blogs   
1.  What work can people do from home these days with the Internet?
2. Why do not people like long hours, on weekends, in the evenings? 
3. How can companies reward employees?
4. Why should people learn new skills?

Useful

http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/everyday-grammar-gerunds-infinitives/2722827.html

http://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-LEARN/2014/02/15/7f8de955-596b-437c-ba40-a68ed754c348.pdf

Essay :
http://www.slideshare.net/first_suljee/how-to-write-an-essay-2026436

U10B

Tag questions:

It is amazing, isn't it? 
She won the talent show, didn't she? 
He has dropped out of sight, hasn't he? 
That was a boring thing to do, wasn't it? 

http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/tag_questions01.html
That question is easy. ----->
That question is easy, isn't it?
He's working hard. ----->
He's working hard, isn't he?
There's a test tomorrow. ----->
There's a test tomorrow, isn't there?
He was angry. ----->
He was angry, wasn't he?
He was watching TV. ----->
He was watching TV, wasn't he?
There were many problems. ----->
There were many problems, weren't there?
This seems easy. ----->
This seems easy, doesn't it?
She worked yesterday. ----->
She worked yesterday, didn't she?
He left early. ----->
He left early, didn't he?
They've already finished. ----->
They've already finished, haven't they?
She's visited Paris. ----->
She's visited Paris, hasn't she?
He's been there a long time.----->
He's been there a long time, hasn't he?
They'd left when you arrived. ----->
They'd left when you arrived, hadn't they?
She can play violin very well. --->
She can play violin very well, can't she?
We should leave early. ----->
We should leave early, shouldn't we?
We'd better hurry. ----->
We'd better hurry, hadn't we?
 

U10A

If he had stayed (P.Perf) in school , maybe he would have done (PII) something entirely different.  (-байх байсан)


If he had not won (P.Perf) the talent contest, he might not have had (PII)  the confidence to become a singer.  (-байсан  байж магадгүй)

If he had continued (P.Perf) his education, he could have gotten (PII) formal music training.  (-болох байсан)


http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/past_perfect_tense04.html
Past Unreal Conditionals - Өнгөрсөн цагт хийгээгүй зүйлс
If I had had time, I would've helped you.
(I didn't help you because I didn't have time.)
- Хэрвээ надад цаг байсан бол би чамд туслах байсан. 
(Нэгэнт цаг байгаагүй учраас туслаагүй өнгөрсөн)
If I hadn't had a flat tire, I wouldn't have been late.
(I was late because I had a flat tire.)
 - Хэрвээ дугуй хагараагүй бол би хоцрохгүй байсан. 
(Дугуй  хагарсан учраас би хоцорсон)
If she had studied more, she would've had a higher score.
(Her score wasn't as high as she wanted because she
didn't study enough.)
- Хэрвээ тэр илүү их дөвтсан бол тэр өндөр оноо авах байсан. 
(Нэгэнт давтаагүй учир оноо нь түүний хүссэн шиг өндөр биш байсан)

If he han't been broke, he would've bought dinner.
(He didn't buy dinner because he was broke.)
- Хэрвээ тэр хоосроогүй байсан бол хоол авах байсан. 
(Нэгэнт мөнгө байгаагүй учраас хоол аваагүй өнгөрсөн)

If they hadn't saved their money, they wouldn't have
been able to buy a house. (They were able to buy a house
because they saved their money.)
- Хэрвээ тэд мөнгөө хураагаагүй байсан бол байшин авч чадахгүй байсан. 
(Мөнгөө хураасан учраас байр авч чадсан)

U9B

Reported questions

She : " Are you a student?"  (Yes/No question = General question)
She asked  if / whether I was a student.

He : "How do you  go to your school?"
He asked how I went to my school. 

* QA  - Answer these questions in your blogs   
1. Who is the richest person in the world? 
2. How much does the average wedding cost these days?
3. What's the best way to pay for college?

4. What's the quickest way to make a million dollars?
5. What's a good way to save money?
6. What's the most expensive thing you think you'll ever buy? 

(Use: Apparently; Evidently; I was told; They say; I('ve) heard; I('ve) read)

U9A

Reported speech - Хөндлөнгийн үг

She : "My goal is to study English."
She said that his goal was to study English

He : "My father gave me a notebook."
He said that his father had given him a notebook. 

She : "I have been working in a school."
She said that she had been working in a school.

He : "I can't do my homework."
He said that he couldn't do his homework. 

* QA  - Answer these questions in your blogs   
1. Do you like to have all the latest gadgets? 
2. Could you live without a credit card? 
3. Are you very attached to your possessions? 
4. Have you ever gotten upset because you lost or broke something valuable? 
5. Do you often buy things you don't need? 

U8B

Past modals for speculation  (таамаглал)

They must have gotten tied up  in traffic.  = I bet they got tied up in traffic.   (....байж таарна)

She could have tried to call.  = It's possible she tried to call. (.....сан байх)

They may / might have had a fight. = Maybe they had a fight. (....байж магадгүй

They couldn't have forgotten.  = It's not impossible they forgot. (....байж таарахгүй)

She may / might not have remembered.  = It's possible she didn't remember. (....гүй байж магадгүй)

U8A

Past modals

I would have said no politely. (imagination)
...... гэж хэлэх байсан байх

She should have said no politely. (right thing)
...... гэж хэлэх хэрэгтэй байсан байх

She could have told him not to call again. (possibility) 
...... гэж хэлж болох байсан байх

The Past Continuous tense

We use the Past Continuous :

1. —for an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past. 

      (we don’t know when the action started or finished)

  I was reading a magazine at 5 o’clock yesterday.

2. —for a longer action which  was in progress when another shorter action interrupted it.

  She was studying (longer action) when the phone rang. (shorter action).

3. for two or more actions which  were happening  at the same time in the past. (simultaneous actions)

  Tina was doing the washing-up while the children were playing in the garden.

4. —To give background information in a story. 

  The sun was shining brightly  as  Tom was driving his brand new car            through the city centre.     (* Touchstone 4 - pp.6-7)

U7B

need + passive infinitive need(to be + PII)
-The TV needs to be fixed

need + V+ing
-The screen needs adjusting 

(changing, cleaning, replacing, recharging)

U7A

get + person + to + Verb   
have + person + Verb

-I get my brother to fix my car.  
-I had a hairdresser cut my hair again. 

****************************************

get + object + PII (past participle)
have + object + PII

- I get my car fixed at my brother's garage.
- We have a house built in the countryside. 

Review

Grammar
* try to do  OR try doing
http://www.engvid.com/try-to-do-try-doing/
http://www.english-efl.com/learn-english/grammar/gerund-and-infinitive/

* gerund as a subject
http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/gerunds_form_and_use01.html

* would you like / do you mind +V+ing
http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Blue%20Level/B27_Would_Like.html
http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Blue%20Level/B27_Would_Like.html
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/would-like

* infinitives (to+V)  OR gerunds (V+ing)
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/verblist.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/gerunds.htm        *

* Passive
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-53333.php

* time clause (when)
http://esl.about.com/od/grammaradvanced/a/adverb_clauses.htm
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/cgi2/myexam/voir2r.php?id=66572
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/cgi2/myexam/liaison.php?liaison=_conjonction_

* phrasal verbs
http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/phrasal-verbs/break+up.html
http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/phrasal-verbs/get+out+of.html
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/break-up_2

* comparative adjective   as....as
http://www.eltbase.com/notes.php?id=549
http://first-english.org/english_learning/english_year_2/as_as_than/02_as_as_comparison_adjectives_exercises.htm
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/adjectives_adverbs/adjectives_comparison_as_as.htm

* question-tag
http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/questionstags/menu.php
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-reference/question-tags
http://www.grammar.cl/Intermediate/Question_Tags.htm

Exceptions:
Some verbs/ expressions have different question tags. 

I am - I am attractive, aren't I?
Positive imperative - Stop daydreaming, will / won't you?
Negative imperative - Don't stop singing, will you?
Let's - Let's go to the beach, shall we?

* to have someone to do somehing
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/cgi2/myexam/liaison.php?liaison=_fairefaire_

Writing
- Describing a picture  (*Descriptive writing)
- Linking ideas

http://www.slideshare.net/arlennefernandez/teaching-writing-13540549?related=4
http://www.slideshare.net/JuneMar21/teaching-of-writing?related=2
http://www.slideshare.net/aspired/teaching-writing-to-efl-students-presentation
 
Essay II - p.73 ex D2B - "Proposal for a student lounge"   - 5 paragraphs / 220-250 words
(* Persuasive  essay  /  Argumentative writing )
 http://www.slideshare.net/edibrata/essay-writing-5th-types-of-essay?qid=f77d32d6-c525-449c-b873-5fa72d9f000f&v=qf1&b=&from_search=4

U6B

So / neither 

I am good at English.    (Are you ....?)
-So am I.                        (I am too. / Me too)
So is he. / So is Oyunaa. / So are we.

I always do my homework.  (Do you....?)
- So do I.
So does he. / So does Otgoo. / So do they.

I went to the countryside last summer.  (Did you ....?)
- So did I.
So did he. / So did Tuul. / So did we. 

I have been to Russia recently.  (Have you ....?)
- So have I.
So has he. / So has Tuul. / So have they. 

********************************************

I was NOT good at maths.    (Were you ....?)
-Neither was I.                        (I am not either. / Me neither)
Neither was she. / Neither was Boldoo. / Neither were we.

I do NOT do my homework in the mornings.  (Do you ....?)
- Neither do I.
Neither does she. / Neither does Bayaraa. / Neither do they.

I did NOT go to the countryside last summer.  (Did you ....?)
- Neither did I.
Neither did she. / Neither did Turuu. / Neither did we. 

I have been to Russia recently.  (Have you ....?)
- So have I.
Neither has she. / Neither has Bataa. / Neither have they.

* QA  - Answer these questions in your blogs 

1. Does your family have an interesting story?
2. How did you meet? How did your parents meet?
3. Is there anyone in your family you don't see very often? Why?
4. Has your family ever had a family reunion? What was it like?
5. Are you close to one particular member of your family? How did you become close?

U6A

The Past Perfect tense:
had + met PII (Past participle)

1. things that happened before an event in the past
I worked for this company after I had graduated form my university.


2.  used to give explanations or reasons why things happened
Gerry was a college friend that he hadn't seen in years. He had moved to Spain.


* QA  - Answer these questions in your blogs   
1. Have you ever been talking about someone, and then they called to you? 
2. Have you ever run into someone you were thinking about? 
3. have you ever met anyone with the same birthday as you? 
4. Are you superstitious? Do you believe in any superstitions?  
5. Do you have any superstitions in Mongolia? 
 

U5A

modal verb + be + PII (Past participle)
People who speed should be arrested if they cause an accident.


* QA  - Answer these questions in your blogs   
1.  How should shoplifters punished?
2. How should vandalism punished?
3. How should burglary punished?
4. How should kidnappers punished?
5. How should robbery punished?
6. How should murderers punished?
7. How should speeding punished?
8. How should stealings punished?